{"id":11,"date":"2026-01-19T09:20:02","date_gmt":"2026-01-19T09:20:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/?page_id=11"},"modified":"2026-03-27T08:16:53","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T08:16:53","slug":"homepage","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/","title":{"rendered":"Nicolette Knobbe"},"content":{"rendered":"<div  class='flex_column av-y28r-1d7e2fd263d94d0d8d787f1e52516509 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_third  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-ml5ghegx-3a183942bd2abecd93474465455cfccd '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Nicolette Knobbe is schrijfster en ondernemer in reisboeken.<\/p>\n<p>Geschiedenis, reizen en de veerkracht van de menselijke psyche zijn terugkerende thema\u2019s in haar werk. Haar korte verhalen verschenen onder meer in\u00a0Margriet.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1go2n-92bf60f078141f663ef05321851a0da8 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_third  flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-mkla3kvx-f18427dd359bb36cc2d84de32cb5ee23 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><blockquote data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"321\">\n<p>In mijn werk ben ik altijd op zoek naar de menselijke kant van de geschiedenis. Hoe houd je stand wanneer alles wegvalt? Wat voorkomt dat iemand zijn menselijkheid verliest onder onmenselijke omstandigheden?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-sjv3-716b246699a4295e357bd1fa38a59af4 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mklam88q-214db55d99552246d3a385ae391aecea\">\n@keyframes av_boxShadowEffect_av-mklam88q-214db55d99552246d3a385ae391aecea {\n0%   { box-shadow:  0 0 0 0 ; opacity: 1; }\n100% { box-shadow:  0 0 15px 0 ; opacity: 1; }\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-mklam88q-214db55d99552246d3a385ae391aecea img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow: 0 0 15px 0 ;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-mklam88q-214db55d99552246d3a385ae391aecea .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-mklam88q-214db55d99552246d3a385ae391aecea av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-5  avia-builder-el-no-sibling 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custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-mkl6mxtq' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<p data-start=\"128\" data-end=\"418\"><strong>WAAR GAAT MIJN BOEK OVER?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"128\" data-end=\"418\">In oktober 1938 wordt de tienjarige David Brenner samen met zijn moeder en zusje uit hun huis in Keulen verdreven, alleen omdat ze Joods zijn. Het gezin vlucht naar Oost-Polen, maar belandt al snel in een nachtmerrie. De Sovjetbezetting leidt tot hun deportatie naar een Siberisch werkkamp.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"723\">In de onmenselijke kou sterft zijn moeder. David, pas elf jaar oud, wordt verantwoordelijk voor zijn jongere zusje Sara. Na hun vrijlating reizen ze onder erbarmelijke omstandigheden verder naar Kazachstan, op zoek naar voedsel en veiligheid. Maar ook daar slaat het noodlot toe. 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Daarom doneer ik 50 procent van mijn royalty\u2019s aan UNICEF, zodat zij zich kunnen inzetten voor wat David toen moest missen: bescherming voor kinderen.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n[\/av_one_half]\r\n\r\n[av_hr class='default' icon_select='yes' icon='star' position='center' shadow='no-shadow' height='50' custom_border='av-border-thin' custom_width='50px' custom_margin_top='30px' custom_margin_bottom='30px' custom_border_color='' custom_icon_color='' av-desktop-hide='' av-medium-hide='' av-small-hide='' av-mini-hide='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-1h5tl' sc_version='1.0' font='svg_entypo-fontello']\r\n\r\n[av_hr class='default' icon_select='yes' icon='star' position='center' shadow='no-shadow' height='50' custom_border='av-border-thin' custom_width='50px' custom_margin_top='30px' custom_margin_bottom='30px' custom_border_color='' custom_icon_color='' av-desktop-hide='' av-medium-hide='' av-small-hide='' av-mini-hide='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' 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Verbannen naar Polen' icon_select='image_top' icon='tools' font='svg_entypo-fontello' tab_image='102' tab_image_style='av-tab-image-circle' vertical_align='middle' color='' inactive_color='' color_hover='' inactive_color_hover='' background_color='#ffffff' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' background_attachment='scroll' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' tab_deeplink='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-mkldpcfj' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_one_third first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-1y9xn' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5dofac' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"69\"><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"69\">Hoe begon de eerste massadeportatie van Joden uit nazi-Duitsland?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"69\">In oktober 1938 deporteerde nazi-Duitsland ongeveer 17.000 Joden met de Poolse nationaliteit naar de Poolse grens. Deze actie, bekend als <em>de Polenaktion,<\/em> was de eerste massadeportatie van Joden uit het Duitse Rijk. De aanleiding lag bij een Pools besluit om paspoorten van burgers in het buitenland ongeldig te verklaren zonder nieuwe stempel. Polen wilde zo voorkomen dat Joodse burgers massaal zouden terugkeren.<\/p>\r\nPolen sloot vrijwel direct de grens, waardoor duizenden Joden vast kwamen te zitten in ge\u00efmproviseerde tentenkampen en barakken in het grensgebied, met name bij Zb\u0105szy\u0144.\r\nMaandenlang verbleven zij in slecht gebouwde barakken met nauwelijks voorzieningen.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-1q16b' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5dscvn' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Wat was de Kristallnacht?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nOp 29 oktober arriveerde ook de familie Grynszpan uitgeput in Zb\u0105szy\u0144. Kort daarna stuurde dochter Greta een briefkaart naar haar broer Herschel in Parijs waarin zij de wreedheid van de deportatie beschreef. Die boodschap raakte hem diep.\r\n\r\nOp 7 november 1938 schoot hij uit woede in de Duitse ambassade in Parijs de diplomaat Ernst vom Rath dood. De nazi\u2019s gebruikten deze gebeurtenis als aanleiding voor een al langer voorbereide terreurcampagne tegen alle Joden in Duitsland en Oostenrijk.\r\n\r\nTwee dagen later op 9 november volgde in heel Duitsland een golf van geweld tegen Joden. Deze pogrom, <em>de Kristallnacht<\/em>, geldt als een belangrijk keerpunt in de aanloop naar de Holocaust.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-uxcf' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5dq94c' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<blockquote><strong>Wat gebeurde er met David in deze periode?\u00a0<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nIn oktober 1938 werd Davids leven in \u00e9\u00e9n klap ontwricht. Vanuit Duitsland werd hij samen met zijn moeder en zusje opgepakt en op transport gezet richting de Poolse grens. Ze kregen nauwelijks tijd om iets mee te nemen en hadden geen idee waar ze naartoe gingen. De trein stopte in het grensgebied, maar Polen weigerde hen toe te laten. Dagenlang zaten ze vast in de wagons, in een stuk niemandsland tussen Duitsland en Polen. Uiteindelijk mochten ze uitstappen.\r\n\r\nLopend trokken ze met de groep de grens over en werden naar barakken gebracht, oude stallen die als noodopvang dienden. Ze sliepen tussen de hooibalen, tot Davids moeder na verloop van tijd een kleine kamer wist te huren.\r\n\r\nIn het voorjaar van 1939 trokken ze verder met de trein naar Przeworsk, waar Davids opa en oma woonden.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][\/av_tab_sub_section][av_tab_sub_section tab_title='2. Vlucht naar de Sovjet-Unie' icon_select='image_top' icon='tools' font='svg_entypo-fontello' tab_image='104' tab_image_style='av-tab-image-circle' vertical_align='middle' color='' inactive_color='' color_hover='' inactive_color_hover='' background_color='fffff' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' background_attachment='scroll' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' tab_deeplink='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-mkldpk2l' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_one_third first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-2c4rz' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5cqear' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Wat betekende de vlucht naar het oosten voor Poolse burgers?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNa het uitbreken van de Tweede Wereldoorlog in september 1939 sloegen meer dan een miljoen Poolse burgers op de vlucht voor de nazi\u2019s. Het merendeel van hen was Joods. Reizen gebeurde te voet, per trein of met karren. Onderweg raakten mensen hun bezittingen kwijt en werden families vaak van elkaar gescheiden.\r\nDe vlucht bood echter geen veiligheid, maar leidde tot een nieuw bestaan vol onzekerheid. De Sovjetautoriteiten waren niet voorbereid op de massale toestroom en beschouwden vluchtelingen al snel als politiek onbetrouwbaar. Mannen, vrouwen en kinderen belandden in werkkampen of speciale nederzettingen, waar honger, kou en ziekte het dagelijks leven bepaalden.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-1ds7b' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5cr438' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Hoe zag het leven in een werkkamp eruit?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn werkkampen leefden mensen in eenvoudige houten barakken die nauwelijks verwarmd waren. Er waren meestal geen hekken of muren aanwezig, maar het extreme klimaat maakte ontsnappen onmogelijk. In de winter van 1940\u20131941 bijvoorbeeld daalde de temperaturen tot onder de min veertig graden.\r\nHet leven was eentonig en uitputtend. Mannen werkten als houthakker of in nabijgelegen mijnen, vrouwen moesten ook vaak zwaar lichamelijk werk verrichten. Werkdagen waren lang en de voedselrantsoenen klein en afhankelijk van productienormen. Wie minder presteerde, kreeg minder te eten. Ziekten als dysenterie en tyfus kwamen veel voor, medische zorg was minimaal. Veel kinderen raakten hun ouders kwijt door ziekte en honger.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-12jnf' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5crzd7' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<blockquote><strong>Wat gebeurde er met David in deze periode? <\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nDavid vluchtte met zijn familie te voet over de rivier de San, samen met talloze andere Joodse vluchtelingen. Vlak voor de brug werden ze nog eenmaal aangehouden door een Duitse soldaat. Hun bezittingen moesten ze achterlaten.\r\nNa de oversteek kwamen ze aan in Nemirow, waar ze tijdelijk onderdak vonden bij familie. David paste op koeien in ruil voor wat brood, terwijl zijn moeder juwelen verkocht en wol kocht om te breien en zo eten te kunnen kopen. De hoop op hereniging met haar man in Amerika vervaagde en maakte plaats voor moedeloosheid.\r\nDaarna volgde een uitputtende treinreis van ruim drieduizend kilometer in overvolle veewagons. Wekenlang wisselden kou, honger en ziekte elkaar af. In het voorjaar van 1940 bereikten ze Archangelsk, vanwaar vrachtwagens hen verder brachten naar een werkkamp diep in het eindeloze bos.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][\/av_tab_sub_section][av_tab_sub_section tab_title='3. Kazachstan' icon_select='image_top' icon='tools' font='svg_entypo-fontello' tab_image='125' tab_image_style='av-tab-image-circle' vertical_align='middle' color='' inactive_color='' color_hover='' inactive_color_hover='' background_color='#ffffff3' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' background_attachment='scroll' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' tab_deeplink='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-1gbhf' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_one_third first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-223tj' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5d0pky' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Wat betekende de Duitse inval in de Sovjet-Unie voor Poolse burgers in ballingschap?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nOp 22 juni 1941 viel Duitsland de Sovjet-Unie binnen. De Sovjet-Unie, die kort daarvoor nog met Duitsland had samengewerkt bij de verdeling van Polen, sloot zich aan bij de Geallieerden. Voor Poolse burgers in de Sovjet-Unie had dat ingrijpende gevolgen. Met het Sikorski\u2013Majski-verdrag werden de diplomatieke betrekkingen tussen Polen en de Sovjet-Unie hersteld. Poolse staatsburgers die vastzaten in goelags kwamen vrij en er werd toestemming gegeven voor de vorming van een Pools leger.\r\n\r\nNa hun vrijlating trokken velen naar het zuiden, op zoek naar voedsel, werk en onderdak. Tegelijkertijd arriveerden er ruim een half miljoen Sovjetburgers uit westelijke oorlogsgebieden. De regio raakte overvol. Honger, primitieve huisvesting en ziekten bepaalden opnieuw het dagelijks leven.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-1c8q3' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5d1nep' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Hoe was het leven op een kolchoz tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHet leven op een kolchoz, een Sovjetcollectieve boerderij, was tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog hard en onzeker. Bewoners werkten lange dagen op het land, vaak onder zware omstandigheden en met nauwelijks hulpmiddelen. Iedereen die kon, werkte mee.\r\nVoedsel was schaars. Het grootste deel van de oogst werd afgedragen aan de staat en wat overbleef, was vaak onvoldoende om van te leven. Honger en ondervoeding waren alledaags. Wie niet kon werken, had weinig kans om te overleven. Tegelijkertijd stond het leven onder strikte controle. Verhuizen was vrijwel onmogelijk en eigen bezit bestond nauwelijks.\r\n\r\nDe oorlog bracht extra druk. Vluchtelingen en evacu\u00e9s arriveerden op het platteland, wat de schaarste verder vergrootte. Overleven stond centraal, elke dag opnieuw.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-ow4z' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5d37p1' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<blockquote><strong>Wat gebeurde er met David in deze periode?<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nEnkele weken na het overlijden van zijn moeder viel Duitsland in juni 1941 de Sovjet-Unie binnen. Iedereen werd vrijgelaten uit de werkkampen en David reisde met zijn familie naar Tashkent, waar duizenden vluchtelingen samenkwamen.\r\nOmdat het vanwege de honger daar niet vol te houden was, reisden ze door naar een kolchoz in Kazachstan. David leerde graan malen en koken, maar er was nooit genoeg. Uiteindelijk stierf ook zijn zusje, na een nacht waarin hij besloot het schaarse voedsel te bewaren voor later. Het schuldgevoel zou hem nooit meer loslaten.\r\n\r\nNa haar dood werd David ziek en moest opgenomen worden in een ziekenhuis. Daar hoorde hij over het Poolse Anders-leger waar kinderen mee naar Iran konden reizen. In de hoop op die manier dichterbij Amerika te komen, ontsnapte hij en vond onderdak in een katholiek weeshuis. Het was een harde tijd, maar hij paste zich aan en overleefde opnieuw.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][\/av_tab_sub_section][av_tab_sub_section tab_title='4. Naar Teheran in Iran' icon_select='image_top' icon='tools' font='svg_entypo-fontello' tab_image='126' tab_image_style='av-tab-image-circle' vertical_align='middle' color='' inactive_color='' color_hover='' inactive_color_hover='' background_color='#ffffff3' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' background_attachment='scroll' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' tab_deeplink='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-1gbhf-7' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_one_third first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-223tj-6' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5d0pky-5' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Wat was het Anders-leger?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHet Anders-leger was een Pools leger dat in 1941\u20131942 in de Sovjet-Unie werd gevormd onder leiding van generaal Anders. Het bestond uit Poolse militairen die eerder door de Sovjets waren gedeporteerd naar Siberi\u00eb en Centraal-Azi\u00eb. Toen de Polen in de Sovjet-Unie amnestie kregen, mocht een Pools leger worden opgebouwd.\r\n\r\nDoor chronische voedseltekorten, gebrek aan uitrusting en groeiende politieke spanningen met Stalin werd besloten het Anders-leger in 1942 in twee golven uit de Sovjet-Unie te evacueren. Ongeveer 75.000 soldaten en meer dan 35.000 burgers werden via de Kaspische Zee naar Iran ge\u00ebvacueerd en vervolgens naar het Midden-Oosten. Daarmee werden tienduizenden Poolse burgers gered. Joden waren echter sterk ondervertegenwoordigd. Door Sovjetbeperkingen en antisemitisme mochten slechts enkele duizenden mee.\r\nIn het Midden-Oosten reorganiseerde het leger zich tot het 2e Poolse Korps en vocht het later in Itali\u00eb, onder meer bij Monte Cassino.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-1c8q3-4' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5d1nep-3' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Hoe was de overtocht over de Kaspische Zee in 1942?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn augustus 1942 vervoerde de Sovjet-tanker Zhdanov Poolse militairen en burgers over de Kaspische Zee, van Krasnovodsk naar Pahlavi in Iran. Deze overtocht maakte deel uit van de evacuatie van het Anders-leger, dat Poolse staatsburgers uit de Sovjet-Unie in veiligheid bracht.\r\n\r\nDe reis duurde \u00e9\u00e9n tot drie dagen, maar de omstandigheden aan boord waren zwaar.\r\nDe schepen waren overvol. Honderden, soms duizenden mensen zaten opeengepakt op vaartuigen die daar niet voor bedoeld waren. Sanitaire voorzieningen ontbraken grotendeels, voedsel en water waren schaars en veel passagiers waren al ernstig verzwakt door honger en ziekte. Zeeziekte, uitputting en wanhoop bepaalden het leven aan boord.\r\n\r\nToch betekende Pahlavi voor velen een keerpunt. Na aankomst volgden quarantaine, medische zorg en voedsel. De reis was traumatisch, maar bood een eerste stap weg uit jaren van vervolging en ontbering.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-ow4z-2' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5d37p1-1' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<blockquote><strong>Wat gebeurde er met David in deze periode?<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nTijdens de treinreis richting de Kaspische Zee verdween Tashkent langzaam uit beeld. David dacht terug aan hun aankomst tien maanden eerder, toen hij ernstig ziek was.\r\n\r\nNa dagen wachten op het strand in Krasnovodsk volgde de overtocht met de Zhdanov naar Iran. In Pahlavi kwam David terecht in een eenvoudig transitkamp aan het strand. De omstandigheden waren zwaar, maar er was voedsel en hulp.\r\n\r\nDaarna werden de kinderen per vrachtwagen naar een kamp bij Teheran gebracht. In het tentenkamp werd een Joods kindertehuis opgericht en het dagelijks leven kreeg langzaam meer structuur. David leerde Hebreeuws, hoorde verhalen over Palestina en merkte dat zijn lichaam herstelde. Tegelijk dacht hij veel na over wat hij had meegemaakt en over zijn familie die hij had moeten achterlaten.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][\/av_tab_sub_section][av_tab_sub_section tab_title='5. Naar Palestina' icon_select='image_top' icon='tools' font='svg_entypo-fontello' tab_image='168' tab_image_style='av-tab-image-circle' vertical_align='middle' color='' inactive_color='' color_hover='' inactive_color_hover='' background_color='#fffffff' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' background_attachment='scroll' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' tab_deeplink='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-16f8f' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_one_third first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-2ooeb' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5dat6j' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Wie waren de Teheran-kinderen?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDe Teheran-kinderen waren een groep van 870 Joodse kinderen die tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, vaak zonder ouders, wisten te ontsnappen aan vervolging en vernietiging in Oost-Europa. Hun tocht begon in Polen en de Sovjet-Unie en voerde via werkkampen, vluchtelingenroutes en soms weeshuizen uiteindelijk naar Teheran. Daar verbleven zij in opvangkampen, wachtend op een kans om verder te reizen.\r\n\r\nIn 1943 kregen de kinderen die kans. Via Iran, India en Egypte maakten zij een lange en gevaarlijke reis per trein en schip naar Palestina. Onderweg leden zij aan ziekte, honger en uitputting, en leefden zij voortdurend met de dreiging van oorlogshandelingen. Bij aankomst werden zij eerst ondergebracht in Atlit, een Brits detentiekamp.\r\n\r\nDe Teheran-kinderen staan symbool voor overleving tegen alle verwachtingen in: kinderen die alles verloren, maar bleven leven.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-20p7b' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5dbhyq' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Hoe was de aankomst in Palestina?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBij hun aankomst met de trein in Palestina in februari 1943 werden de Teheran-kinderen enthousiast onthaald. Langs de spoorlijn zwaaiden mensen met vlaggen, riepen welkom en stonden in dorpen en steden rijen dik op de perrons. In Haifa bereikte de ontvangst een hoogtepunt. Mensen zongen, huilden en deelden eten uit alsof ze verloren familieleden terugzagen. Voor veel kinderen was het de eerste keer sinds jaren dat hun komst vreugde opriep. De reis eindigde in Atlit.\r\n\r\nAtlit was een Brits interneringskamp. Het diende als afschrikmiddel voor Joodse vluchtelingen. Mannen, vrouwen en kinderen werden achter prikkeldraad vastgezet, bewaakt door wachttorens. Voor veel overlevenden voelde Atlit als een wrange herhaling: na Europa opnieuw opgesloten, ditmaal op enkele kilometers van hun bestemming. De meeste vluchtelingen kregen na een paar maanden een officieel immigratiecertificaat, waarna ze werden vrijgelaten.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][av_one_third min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-19b63' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5dcfsq' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<blockquote><strong>Wat gebeurde er met David in deze periode?<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nIn januari 1943 vertrok David met honderden andere Joodse kinderen uit het kamp bij Teheran. Via Bandar Shahpur scheepten zij in op een oud vrachtschip, de Dunera. De overtocht naar Karachi in Brits-Indi\u00eb was zwaar: ziekte, luizen en de voortdurende angst voor mijnen en onderzee\u00ebrs.\r\n\r\nIn het tentenkamp bij Karachi belandde David uitgeput in een ziekenhuisachtig verblijf en dreigde hij achter te blijven toen de rest vertrok. Uiteindelijk lukte het hem met pure wilskracht om zich alsnog aan te sluiten bij de volgende etappe. Opnieuw per schip, nu over de Rode Zee, terwijl de dreiging van vijandelijke aanvallen voortdurend aanwezig bleef.\r\n\r\nVia Egypte reisde hij per trein naar Haifa. Daar werden de kinderen door een enthousiaste menigte ontvangen. De reis eindigde in Atlit, waar ze voor het eerst sinds lange tijd veilig waren.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_third][\/av_tab_sub_section]\r\n[\/av_tab_section]\r\n\r\n\n[av_one_full first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' 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parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-8yrq3' sc_version='1.0']\r\n[av_hr class='default' icon_select='yes' icon='star' position='center' shadow='no-shadow' height='50' custom_border='av-border-thin' custom_width='50px' custom_margin_top='30px' custom_margin_bottom='30px' custom_border_color='' custom_icon_color='' av-desktop-hide='' av-medium-hide='' av-small-hide='' av-mini-hide='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-86bsz' sc_version='1.0' font='svg_entypo-fontello']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='23' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='custom' color='#edc421' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5goi62' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>HOE GING HET VERDER MET JOE ROSENBAUM ALIAS DAVID BRENNER?<\/strong>\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n[\/av_one_full]\r\n\r\n[av_one_half first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-eejkb' sc_version='1.0']\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5eocn2' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Aankomst in New York<\/strong>\r\nJoe kwam in juli 1946 na drie weken op zee aan in New York. Op de kade stond niemand hem op te wachten. Zijn vader was al twee keer vergeefs gekomen, omdat Joe op een ander schip bleek te zitten. Terwijl om hem heen families elkaar in de armen vielen, bleef Joe alleen achter. Pas tegen de avond boden enkele vrouwen hem in het Jiddisch hulp aan. Op dat moment verscheen zijn zus Inez, ook Rachel genoemd. Ze liepen op elkaar af en omhelsden elkaar. Sinds 1938 hadden ze elkaar niet meer gezien.\r\n\r\n<strong>Het leven in New York<\/strong>\r\nJoe trok in bij zijn vader en diens nieuwe gezin, maar voelde zich een buitenstaander. De taal, de cultuur en de strenge religieuze regels waren hem vreemd. Op een orthodoxe yeshiva voelde hij zich ongelukkig en raakte hij verder verwijderd van zijn geloof. Hij stopte met de opleiding en ging werken om zelfstandig te worden. Via films leerde hij Engels en bouwde langzaam een nieuw leven op, met vrienden en muziek. Toch bleef het gevoel knagen. Na de oprichting van Isra\u00ebl besloot hij terug te keren. Amerika was voor hem nooit meer dan een tussenstation geweest.\r\n\r\n<strong>Terug in Palestina<\/strong>\r\nIn Palestina probeerde Joe opnieuw te beginnen. Hij woonde in Tel Aviv, werkte hard en vond houvast in muziek. Maar de onrust bleef. Zijn gezondheid ging snel achteruit en hij kreeg tuberculose. Maandenlang lag hij ge\u00efsoleerd, bang en somber, maar vastbesloten om te blijven leven. Dankzij nieuwe behandelingen herstelde hij langzaam.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n[\/av_one_half]\r\n\r\n[av_one_half min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333' svg_div_top_width='100' svg_div_top_height='50' svg_div_top_max_height='none' svg_div_top_flip='' svg_div_top_invert='' svg_div_top_front='' svg_div_top_opacity='' svg_div_top_preview='' svg_div_bottom='' svg_div_bottom_color='#333333' svg_div_bottom_width='100' svg_div_bottom_height='50' svg_div_bottom_max_height='none' svg_div_bottom_flip='' svg_div_bottom_invert='' svg_div_bottom_front='' svg_div_bottom_opacity='' svg_div_bottom_preview='' fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_width='10' column_boxshadow_color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' src='' src_dynamic='' background_position='top left' background_repeat='no-repeat' highlight='' highlight_size='' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' animation='' animation_duration='' animation_custom_bg_color='' animation_z_index_curtain='100' parallax_parallax='' parallax_parallax_speed='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax='' av-desktop-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-medium-parallax_parallax='' av-medium-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-small-parallax_parallax='' av-small-parallax_parallax_speed='' av-mini-parallax_parallax='' av-mini-parallax_parallax_speed='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' css_position='' css_position_location='' css_position_z_index='' av-desktop-css_position='' av-desktop-css_position_location='' av-desktop-css_position_z_index='' av-medium-css_position='' av-medium-css_position_location='' av-medium-css_position_z_index='' av-small-css_position='' av-small-css_position_location='' av-small-css_position_z_index='' av-mini-css_position='' av-mini-css_position_location='' av-mini-css_position_z_index='' link='' link_dynamic='' linktarget='' link_hover='' title_attr='' alt_attr='' mobile_display='' mobile_col_pos='0' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' aria_label='' av_uid='av-95qhv' sc_version='1.0']\r\n\r\n[av_textblock fold_type='' fold_height='' fold_more='Lees meer' fold_less='Lees minder' fold_text_style='' fold_btn_align='' textblock_styling_align='' textblock_styling='' textblock_styling_gap='' textblock_styling_mobile='' size='' av-desktop-font-size='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' font_color='' color='' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' background_gradient_color1='#000000' background_gradient_color2='#ffffff' background_gradient_color3='' padding='' padding_sync='true' av-desktop-padding='' av-desktop-padding_sync='true' av-medium-padding='' av-medium-padding_sync='true' av-small-padding='' av-small-padding_sync='true' av-mini-padding='' av-mini-padding_sync='true' fold_overlay_color='' fold_text_color='' fold_btn_color='theme-color' fold_btn_bg_color='' fold_btn_font_color='' size-btn-text='' av-desktop-font-size-btn-text='' av-medium-font-size-btn-text='' av-small-font-size-btn-text='' av-mini-font-size-btn-text='' container_tag='' fold_timer='' z_index_fold='' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-ml5ep7lh' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg='']\r\n<strong>Een nieuw begin met Rina<\/strong>\r\nNa zijn herstel pakte Joe het leven weer op. In deze periode ontmoette hij Rina. Hun band werd snel hecht. Ze deelden muziek, reizen en plannen. Toen Rina in 1959 ziek werd, besloot Joe zijn plannen om opnieuw naar Amerika te gaan los te laten. Hij koos voor haar en voor Isra\u00ebl. Op 13 september 1959 trouwden ze.\r\n\r\n<strong>Tussen twee werelden<\/strong>\r\nLater keerde Joe toch terug naar Amerika. Samen met Rina vestigde hij zich in Californi\u00eb en bouwde een gezin op. Aan de buitenkant leek zijn leven rustig en stabiel. Vanbinnen bleef het verleden aanwezig. Vooral \u2019s nachts kwamen herinneringen aan verlies en ontworteling terug.\r\n\r\n<strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_8244-300x193.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_8244-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_8244-1030x664.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_8244-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_8244-1536x990.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_8244-2048x1321.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_8244-1500x967.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_8244-705x455.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px\" \/><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Terugkeer en erkenning<\/strong>\r\nIn 2007 werd Joe gevraagd mee te werken aan een documentaire over de Teheran-kinderen in Keulen. Hij aarzelde, maar ging toch. Het bezoek confronteerde hem met zijn verleden en met een nieuwe generatie Duitsers. Bij de Stolpersteine, waaronder die van zijn moeder, voelde hij voor het eerst dat zijn verhaal zichtbaar was geworden. Het bracht hem rust.\r\n\r\nOp 29 juni 2023 is Joe overleden, hij is 92 jaar geworden.\r\n[\/av_textblock]\r\n\r\n[\/av_one_half]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":256,"href":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11\/revisions\/256"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nicoletteknobbe.nl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}